PHYTO?PAM 全球**款可自动对浮游植物分类的荧光�?/p>

有害藻华（HABs）监�?预警的强大工其�/strong>

主要功能

1）对自然水体中的蓝藻、绿藻和�?甲藻自动分类（定性）

2）自动测量水样中蓝藻、绿藻和�?甲藻的叶绿素a含量（定量）和总叶绿素a含量

3）一杯自然水样，同时获得蓝藻、绿藻和�?甲藻的光合活性：

* 光合效率和光合速率（相对电子传递速率（�/p>

* 快速光曲线并进行拟吇�/p>

* 藻类的潜�?*光合效率（‛�strong>生长潜能”）

* 藻类皃�strong>光保护能劚�/strong>

* 藻类耐受强光的能劚�/strong>

4）用户可做自己的参考光谰�/p>

应用领域

主要用于水生生物学、水域生态学、海洋学、湖沼学、水质预警、微藻生理学、微藻抗逆性等领域，对于了解自然水体中藻类种群的动态变化、水华预警、野外水体中光合作用的时空变化、校正初级生产力的计算等有较大帮助、�/p>

特别适于浮游植物动力学研究和有害藻华（HABs）的早期预警、�/strong>

测量参数

Fo� Fm� F� Fm'� Fv/Fm� Y(II)=��F/Fm'� ETR� a� Ik� Pm� PAR、蓝藻Chla含量、绿藻Chla含量、硅/甲藻Chla含量、总Chla含量筈�/p>

特点

1)全世�?*�?/strong>可对浮游植物自动分类的调制叶绿素荧光�?/p>

2) 4波长光源�?70�?20�?45�?65 nm

3) 对蓝藻、绿藻和�?甲藻进行分类

4) 可选配室内系统（I）、野外系统（II）和测附着藻类/大型藻类的系统（III（�/p>

5) 灵敏度高，检测限�?.1 ��g L^-1Chl

6) 专业PhytoWin操作软件，数据收集、分析和存贮功能强大

7)用户可利用培养的微藻做参考光谱，非“黑匣子“�/strong>

8)可在野外测量后根据水体藻类组成利用优势种（一种或多种）的参考光谱校对实验结枛�/strong>

利用PHYTO-PAM进行水华预警的原琅�/strong>

藻类的生长靠光合作用，藻华的爆发是在特定的环境条件下（富营养、高光、高温）由藻类短期快速暴增造成的，这其间藻类必须具备极强的光合作用才能快速生长、�strong>监测叶绿素a含量可以了解目前水体中的藻类生物量，但这只代表历史（如果营养盐很低，即使当前藻类生物量高，也不具备发生藻华的可能）；而监测藻类的光合作用活性可以了解藻类的“生长潜能”，结合其它环境条件可以预测未来（富营养条件且高光高温下，即使当前藻类生物量不高，但只要光合作用活性强，就具有极大的发生藻华的可能）、�/strong>

由于PHYTO-PAM可以测量自然水样中蓝藻、绿藻和�?甲藻各自的光合作用，就可以对藻华发生时不同藻类类群进行分析。利用PHYTO-PAM测量不同藻类叶绿素a含量和光合作用活性的功能，可以长期监测自然水体中浮游植物种群生物量的动力学变匕�/strong>咋�strong>不同类群光合作用潜力的变化趋劾�/strong>，这对于藻华的预警具有重要参考价值、�/p>

推荐阅读９�strong>有害藻华（HABs）监�?预警的新解决方案

PHYTO-PAM*常用的光合作用参�?/strong>

?Fv/Fm，浮游植物的潜在**光合效率（‛�strong>生长潜能”）

?Y，给定光强下浮游植物的实际光合效玆�/p>

?NPQ，浮游植物将过剩光能耗散为热的能力，卲�strong>光保护能劚�/strong>

?ETR，给定光强下浮游植物的实际光合速率

?ETRmax，浮游植物的潜在**光合速率

?a，浮游植物对光强的利用能劚�/p>

?Ik，浮游植�?strong>耐受强光的能劚�/strong>

?快速光曲线，结合水体光场可用于计算水体初级生产劚�/p>

利用PHYTO-PAM对水体长期监测的方法

设计为大时间尺度，采样频率为每月一次，频率越高越好。采样时可设计多个样点，每个样点都分层采样测量。这样就可测量蓝藻Chla、绿藻Chla、硅/甲藻Chla、总Chla、Fv/Fm、Ik、NPQ等的时间和空间动态变化，获知三大类群的浮游植�?strong>生物量、“生长潜能”、耐受强光的能力、光保护能力等的时空动态变匕�/strong>，提前预判其变化趋势，结合其它水质气象指标，进行早期的藻华预警、�/p>

应用实例一９�strong>太湖蓝藻水华成因分析

2007年，太湖发生了严重的蓝藻水华，在国内外引起广泛关注。蓝藻水华爆发的一个重要原因是周边地区往太湖中排污过多，造成湖泊严重富营养化，在适宜的光照和温度条件下藻类疯长形成水华。但是太湖中的藻类不仅仅包括蓝藻，也有绿藻、硅藻、甲藻等，为什么总是爆发蓝藻水华，其它藻并不形成水华呢？中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所湖泊与环境国家重点实验室科研人员利用可对自然水体中的藻类定性、定量并测量光合作用活性的浮游植物荧光仪PHYTO-PAM，探讨了蓝藻在太湖中爆发水华的原因。主要研究结果如下：光作为藻类生长的重要能量来源，浮游藻类光利用效率的不同对水体中浮游藻类初级生产力、群落组成以及种群演替具有重要影响。本研究发现蓝藻、绿藻、硅/甲藻三种具有不同的对光照和垂直混合的响应策略，蓝藻的强光耐受能力以及对过剩光能的耗散能力均超过其他两种藻；同时蓝藻主要聚集在表层�?.3 m的深度，而在此深度藻类具有更高的生长速率，绿藻和�?甲藻则由于垂直混合和自身调节等作用的作用下，不具备蓝藻这一优势，这可能是富营养化水体中蓝藻占据优势的原因之一。（Zhang M� Kong FX� Wu X� Xing P.Different photochemical responses of phytoplankters from the large shallow Taihu Lake of subtropical China in relation to light and mixing.Hydrobiologia2008�603:267-278.（�/p>

应用实例事�/strong>９�strong>微囊藻低温弱光环境下过冬机理

经常发生水华的微囊藻在冬天会沉降到底泥中进行越冬。底泥属于低温弱光环境，在这么苛刻的环境下微囊藻是怎么越冬的，目前了解的不多、�strong>中国科学院水生生物研究所淡水生态与生物技术国家重点实验室科研人员利用人工培养的单细胞铜绿微囊藻、群体铜绿微囊藻和斯尾栅藻进行了低温弱光环境下的耐受力和复壮实验，其中光合作用活性的测量利用浮游植物荧光仪PHYTO-PAM进行。结果发现经�?0天的低温弱光环境处理后，栅藻的光合活力受到显著抑制，而微囊藻仅受到轻微影响，且群体微囊藻细胞比单细胞微囊藻的耐受力更强。复壮培养后，栅藻的回复速度和生长潜力明显低于微囊藻。这对于分析微囊藻的越冬机理和水华机理具有重要参考意义。（Wu Z� Song L� Li R.Different tolerances and responses to low temperature and darkness between waterbloom forming cyanobacteriumMicrocystisand a green algaScenedesmusHydrobiologia2008�596:47-55.（�/p>

选购指南

� 基础配置 � 可选配�?/td>	系统I （实验室版）	系统II （野外版（�/td>	系统III （光纤版（�/td>
主机PHYTO-C	◎�/td>	◎�/td>	◎�/td>
测量光LED阵列PHYTO-ML	◎�/td>
光化光LED阵列PHYTO-AL	◎�/td>
光电倍增管PM-101P	◎�/td>
光学单元ED-101US/MP	◎�/td>
工作台ST-101	◎�/td>
激�?检测单元PHYTO-ED		◎�/td>
光纤型激�?检测单元PHYTO-EDF			◎�/td>
微型磁力搅拌器PHYTO-MS	◊�/td>
球状微型光量子探头US-SQS	◊�/td>	◊�/td>	◊�/td>
温度控制器US-T	◊�/td>
搅拌器WATER-S		◊�/td>

主要技术参�?/strong>

测量先�/strong>：波�?70�?20�?45�?65 nm的测量光LED、�/p>

光化先�/strong>：波�?55 nm的LED；光化光强度0�?000 ��mol m^-2s^-1PAR（系统I和II）或0�?300 ��mol m^-2s^-1PAR（系统III）、�/p>

饱和脉冲：波�?55 nm的LED；饱和脉冲强�?000 ��mol m^-2s^-1PAR（系统I和II）或2600 ��mol m^-2s^-1PAR（系统III）、�/p>

信号检浊�/strong>：光电倍增管，带短波截止滤光片�?#955;>710 nm）；选择性锁相放大器、�/p>

测量参数：Ft� F(或Fo)� Fm(� Fm�?� ��F� Y(��F/ Fm’或Fv/Fm)� ETR和Chl浓度等、�/p>

环境温度�?5～＋45 ℃，已在极地成功应用、�/p>

部分文献

1.Guasch H� Atli G� Bonet B� Corcoll N� Leira M� Serra A: Discharge and the response of biofilms to metal exposure in Mediterranean rivers.Hydrobiologia2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]

2.Liu Y� Wang W� Zhang M� Xing P� Yang Z: PSII-efficiency� polysaccharide production� and phenotypic plasticity ofScenedesmus obliquus in response to changes in metabolic carbon fluxBiochemical Systematics and Ecology2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]

3.Pesce S� Margoum C� Montuelle B: In situ relationships between spatio-temporal variations in diuron concentrations and phototrophic biofilm tolerance in a contaminated river.Water Research2010�44:1941-1949.[PHYTO-PAM]

4.Soares MCS� L��rling M� Huszar VLM: Responses of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus to two tropical toxic cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Microcystis aeruginosa) in pure and mixed diets with green algae.Journal of Plankton Research2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]

5.van Ruth PD� Ganf GG� Ward iM: The influence of mixing on primary productivity: A unique application of classical critical depth theoryProgress In Oceanography2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]

6.Wang H� Liu L� Liu ZP� Qin S: Investigations of the characteristics and mode of action of an algalytic bacterium isolated from Tai Lake.Journal of Applied Phycology2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]

7.Zhu J� Liu B� Wang J� Gao Y� Wu Z: Study on the mechanism of allelopathic influence on cyanobacteria and chlorophytes by submerged macrophyte (Myriophyllum spicatum) and its secretionAquatic Toxicology2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]

8.任秋芳， 阿依巧丽� 智朱� 张义方， 波曾: 三峡库区季节及养分对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响——模拟乌江回水区水环境的研究.重庆师范大学学报2010�27(1):1-4.[PHYTO-PAM]

9.Aikawa S� Hattori H� Gomi Y� Watanabe K� Kudoh S� Kashino Y� Satoh K: Diel tuning of photosynthetic systems in ice algae at Saroma-ko Lagoon� Hokkaido� JapanPolar Science2009�3(1):57-72.[PHYTO-PAM]

10.Dimier C� Brunet C� Geider R� Raven J: Growth and photoregulation dynamics of the picoeukaryotePelagomonas calceolatain fluctuating lightLimnology and Oceanography2009�59(3):823-836.[PHYTO-PAM]

11.Franklin D� Choi CJ� Hughes C� Malin G� Berges JA: Effect of dead phytoplankton cells on the apparent efficiency of photosystem II.Marine Ecology Progress Series2009�382:35-40.[PHYTO-PAM]

12.Hall SR� Becker CR� Simonis JL� Duffy MA� Tessier AJ� C��ceres CE: Friendly competition: evidence for a dilution effect among competitors in a planktonic host–parasite system.Ecology2009�90(6):1441-1448.[PHYTO-PAM]

13.Izagirre O� Serra A� Guasch H� Elosegi A: Effects of sediment deposition on periphytic biomass� photosynthetic activity and algal community structure.Science of The Total Environment2009�407(21):5694-5700.[PHYTO-PAM]

14.Lee Y� Kang C� Kwon K� Kim S: Organic and inorganic matter increase related to eutrophication in Gamak Bay� South KoreaJournal of Environmental Biology2009�30(3):373-380.[PHYTO-PAM]

15.Lee YS� Kim JD� Lim WA� Lee SG: Survival and growth of Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tide after addition of yellow loess.Journal of Environmental Biology2009�30(6):929-932.[PHYTO-PAM]

16.Marchetti A� Parker MS� Moccia LP� Lin EO� Arrieta AL� Ribalet F� Murphy MEP� Maldonado MT� Armbrust EV: Ferritin is used for iron storage in bloom-forming marine pennate diatoms.Nature2009�457:467-470.[PHYTO-PAM]

17.Morin S� Pesce S� Tlili A� Coste M� Montuelle B: Recovery potential of periphytic communities in a river impacted by a vineyard watershedEcological Indicators2009�10(2):419-426.[PHYTO-PAM]

18.Nymark M� Valle KC� Brembu T� Hancke K� Winge P� Andresen K� Johnsen G� Bones AM: An Integrated Analysis of Molecular Acclimation to High Light in the Marine DiatomPhaeodactylum tricornutum.PLoS ONE2009�4(11):e7743. doi:7710.1371/journal.pone.0007743.[PHYTO-PAM]

19.Pesce S� Margoum C� Montuelle B: In situ relationships between spatio-temporal variations in diuron concentrations and phototrophic biofilm tolerance in a contaminated river.Water Research2009�44(6):1941-1949.[PHYTO-PAM]

20.Serra A� Corcoll N� Guasch H: Copper accumulation and toxicity in fluvial periphyton: The influence of exposure historyChemosphere2009�74(5):633-641.[PHYTO-PAM]

21.Serra A� Guasch H: Effects of chronic copper exposure on fluvial systems: Linking structural and physiological changes of fluvial biofilms with the in-stream copper retention.Science of The Total Environment2009�407(19):5274-5282.[PHYTO-PAM]

22.Serra A� Guasch H� Mart�� E� Geiszinger A: Measuring in-stream retention of copper by means of constant-rate additionsScience of The Total Environment2009�407(12):3847-3854.[PHYTO-PAM]

23.Shi S� Tang D� Liu Y: Effects of an Algicidal BacteriumPseudomonas mendocinaon the Growth and Antioxidant System ofAphanizomenon flos-aquaeCurrent Microbiology2009�59(2):107-112.[PHYTO-PAM]

24.Wu Z� Shi J� Li R: Comparative studies on photosynthesis and phosphate metabolism ofCylindrospermopsis raciborskiiwithMicrocystis aeruginosaandAphanizomenon flos-aquaeHarmful Algae2009�8(6):910-915.[PHYTO-PAM]

25.Yang Z� Kong F� Yang Z� Zhang M� Yu Y� Qian S: Benefits and costs of the grazer-induced colony formation in Microcystis aeruginosa.Ann Limnol - Int J Lim2009�45(3):203-208.[PHYTO-PAM]

26.陈元� 赵洋甬， 潘双叶， 徐运� 蒋蕾蕽� PHYTO-PAM对浮游植物中叶绿素的分类测定.现代科学仪器2009(4):100-104.[PHYTO-PAM]

27.朱晓敏， 黄清辉， 李建卍� 咸水藻水华期溶解有机质光谱特征变化的模拟.中国环境科学2009�29(1):68-72.[PHYTO-PAM]

28.Brussaard CPD� Timmermans KR� Uitz J� Veldhuis MJW: Virioplankton dynamics and virally induced phytoplankton lysis versus microzooplankton grazing southeast of the Kerguelen (Southern Ocean)Deep Sea Research2008�55(5-7):752-765.[PHYTO-PAM]

29.Howeth JG� Leibold MA: Planktonic dispersal dampens temporal trophic cascades in pond metacommunities.Ecology Letters2008�11(3):245-257.[PHYTO-PAM]

30.Ingleton T� Kobayashi T� Sanderson B� Patra R� Macinnis-Ng CMO� Hindmarsh B� Bowling LC: Investigations of the temporal variation of cyanobacterial and other phytoplanktonic cells at the offtake of a large reservoir� and their survival following passage through it.Hydrobiologia2008�603(1):221-240.[PHYTO-PAM]

31.Schmitt-Jansen M� Altenburger R: Community-level microalgal toxicity assessment by multiwavelength-excitation PAM fluorometryAquatic Toxicology2008�86(1):49-58.[PHYTO-PAM]

32.Timmermans KR� Veldhuis MJW� Laan P� Brussaard CPD: Probing natural iron fertilization near the Kerguelen (Southern Ocean) using natural phytoplankton assemblages and diatom cultures.DeepSeaResearch2008�55(5-7):693-705.[PHYTO-PAM]

33.Wang G� Chen K� Chen L� Hu C� Zhang D� Liu Y: The involvement of the antioxidant system in protection of desert cyanobacteriumNostocsp. against UV-B radiation and the effects of exogenous antioxidantsEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety2008�69(1):150-157.[PHYTO-PAM]

34.Wu Z� Song L� Li R: Different tolerances and responses to low temperature and darkness between waterbloom forming cyanobacteriumMicrocystisand a green algaScenedesmusHydrobiologia2008�596(1):47-55.[PHYTO-PAM]

35.Wu Z-X� Song L-R: Physiological comparison between colonial and unicellular forms ofMicrocystis aeruginosaKutz. (Cyanobacteria).Phycologia2008�47(1):98-104.[PHYTO-PAM]

36.Zhang M� Kong FX� Wu X� Xing P:Different photochemical responses of phytoplankters from the large shallow Taihu Lake of subtropical China in relation to light and mixing. In:Hydrobiologia.vol. 603; 2008: 267-278.

37.胡智泉， 刘永定， 肖波: 微囊藻毒素对几种淡水微藻的生长和光合活性的影响.生态环墂�/em>2008�17(3):885-890.[PHYTO-PAM]

38.康丽娟， 潘晓洁， 常锋毅， 李敦� 沈银武， 刘永宙� HCO^3-碱度增加对铜绿微囊藻光合活性和超微结构的影�?武汉植物学研穵�/em>2008�26(1):70-75.[PHYTO-PAM]

39.康丽娟， 潘晓洁， 常锋毅， 李敦海， 沈银武， 刘永宙� 碱度增加对蛋白核小球藻光合活性与胞外多糖的影�?湖泊科学2008�20(2):251-256.[PHYTO-PAM]

40.林燊� 彭欣� 吴忠兴， 李仁辈� 我国水华蓝藻的新类群——阿氏浮丝藻(Planktothrix agardhii)生理特�?湖泊科学2008�20(4):437-442.[PHYTO-PAM]

41.苏彦平， 李敦海， 王坎� 刘永宙� 念珠藻葛仙米生理生化特性对不同低温胁迫的响�?武汉植物学研穵�/em>2008�26(3):310-314.[PHYTO-PAM]

42.Alsterberg C� Sundb?ck K� Larson F: Direct and indirect effects of an antifouling biocide on benthic microalgae and meiofaunaJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2007�351(1-2):56-72.[PHYTO-PAM]

43.Dimier C� Corato F� Saviello G� Brunet C: Photophysiological properties of the marine picoeukaryotePicochlorumRCC237 (Trebouxiophyceae� Chlorophyta).Journal of Phycology2007�43(2):275-283.[PHYTO-PAM]

44.Dimier C� Corato F� Tramontano F� Brunet C: Photoprotection and xanthophyll-cycle activity in three marine diatoms.Journal of Phycology2007�43(5):937-947.[PHYTO-PAM]

45.Domis LNDS� Mooij WM� Huisman J: Climate-induced shifts in an experimental phytoplankton community: a mechanistic approach.Hydrobiologia2007�584:403-413.[PHYTO-PAM]

46.Kim MK� Park JW� Park CS� Kim SJ� Jeune KH� Chang MU� Acreman J: Enhanced production of Scenedesmus spp. (green microalgae) using a new medium containing fermented swine wastewater.Bioresource Technology2007�98(11):2220-2228.[PHYTO-PAM]

47.Schmitt-Jansen M� Altenburger R: The use of pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence-based methods to evaluate effects of herbicides in microalgal systems of different complexityToxicological and Environmental Chemistry2007�89(4):665-681.[PHYTO-PAM� WATER-PAM� MICROSCOPY-PAM]

48.Shen H� Song L-R: Comparative studies on physiological responses to phosphorus in two phenotypes of bloom-formingMicrocystis.Hydrobiologia2007�592:475-486.[PHYTO-PAM]

49.Tang D� Shi S� Li D� Hu C� Liu Y: Physiological and biochemical responses ofScytonema javanicum(cyanobacterium) to salt stressJournal of Arid Environments2007�71(3):312-320.[PHYTO-PAM]

50.Wu Z-X� Gan N-Q� Huang Q� Song L-R: Response ofMicrocystisto copper stress - Do phenotypes ofMicrocystismake a difference in stress tolerance?Environmental Pollution2007�147:324-330.[PHYTO-PAM]

51.Xing W� Huang W-M� Li D-H� Liu Y-D: Effects of Iron on Growth� Pigment Content� Photosystem II Efficiency� and Siderophores Production ofMicrocystis aeruginosaandMicrocystis wesenbergiiCurrent Microbiology2007�55:94-98.[PHYTO-PAM]

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